Introduction
Police satisfy the most basic need of a state by providing law and order to its denizens. By ensuring that its citizens live in peace and order, police help a state meet its most fundamental needs. No law can be upheld or the people’s rights protected without this branch of the executive. Despite one’s greatest efforts, a body made up of humans is inevitably imperfect. This article examines the antiquated and improperly applied laws that govern the Indian policing system’s accountability.
Primarily, one might be led to assume that the IPC, CRPC, and the police complaints authority contain numerous provisions that hold the police accountable. However, in practice, these laws are not applied, and the accused police personnel typically escape punishment if they are ever brought to justice at all.
History
The purpose of the police as an institution is to uphold the rule of law. It has been granted a wide range of powers to do this, including the ability to prosecute lawbreakers and uphold state-wide order. But there is still no satisfactory response to the question of what to do if these powers are overused.
The phrase “police state” was first used in the Middle Ages to refer to an authoritarian regime that owed its citizens nothing more than protection. Since the idea of the welfare state didn’t emerge until much later, individuals have only just begun to speak out against the intense aggression of the police toward the public.
The concepts of accountable police and “police of the people” have become popular in modern times. To ensure that the people’s aspirations are met, the government has included many provisions in the codified laws, and a “police complaints authority” has been established.
To understand these mechanisms, we must first understand liability and its nature in the case of the police.
Liability of the Police
The liability of the police can be divided into two main types: –
- Civil Liability
Under civil liability, police officers are considered to be the agents of the state. Any tort that may be committed by the police officer in the line of duty will be compensated directly by the government. However, the plea for tort is very limited in terms of compensation granted. The citizens may only prosecute the police officers for an offense of tort in cases of extreme police brutality, forced disappearances, or a gross violation of their fundamental rights. This comprehensively diminishes the civil liability of the officer.
To date, no legislation has been given that outlines the quantum of the compensation to be provided by the government.
- Criminal Liability
In case of a criminal overreach, the officer is treated as an individual and not an agent of the state. However, the acts done by police officers must be outside the scope of their official duty to the state. In these cases, a disciplinary inquiry will be initiated against the officer.
However, the CRPC (1973) under section 197 gives certain protections to police officers and other government officials against vexatious litigations. More narrowly, police officers enjoy this privilege under section 132 of CRPC. These CRPC provisions however only apply when the act has been perpetrated during the discharge of official duty.
Moreover, this liability is further diminished by the legislation under sections 129 to 131 which exempt a police officer from any prosecution if he does so while controlling an unlawful assembly that is breaching the peace.
In both of these cases, the defense of sovereign immunity of the state was ruled by the court to be of no value as it did not apply in cases where the government or its agent violated the rights of any citizen.
Police Brutality: Few Cases
Most of the cases of brutality often get unnoticed but, a few were severely noticed and televised. Some of the examples of the police brutality are:
- The Adivasis who had congregated under the Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha (ADMS) to protest the Kerala Government’s delay in allocating them land, which had been contracted in October 2001, were subjected to severe police action during the Muthanga incident. Officially, there were two fatalities; however, the government later reported that there were five. Over 15 Adivasis suffered fatal injuries.
- In the Jamia Milia Islamia attack in 2019, police attacked both protesting and non-protesting students on the Jamia Milia Islamia campus during the Citizenship Amendment Act demonstrations. On the same day, as Aligarh Muslim University students were protesting the same act, police, and members of the Rapid Action Force shot tear gas shells, rubber bullets, stun grenades, and pellets at them, injuring a number of them, including several seriously. According to reports, the security personnel insulted the students in the community. The authorities lit student-owned vehicles on fire and fired tear gas shells into dorm rooms.
- Even in the US, a police officer in Minneapolis, Minnesota, left his knee on a Black man’s neck for about nine minutes on May 25, 2020, causing George Floyd, 46, to pass away. Numerous protests were conducted in response to this horrifying incident in the USA and abroad, demanding that the officers responsible be held accountable and that systemic changes be made to policing as a whole. Following a string of racist attacks on Black individuals, George was killed. These incidents show the shocking extent of the violence and discrimination in society. In the USA, the police astonishingly frequently violate human rights, especially when it comes to Black people and other racial and ethnic minorities. To stop the lethal police violence, protesters wanted the US judicial system to be substantially reformed to combat police abuse.
These cases not only demonstrate the police abuse but brings in the point that we often have less provisions to protect citizens from the over-arching powers of the law-protectors.
The Problem
The provisions that exist in the system for the protection of the police officer work flawlessly. However, any provisions that prevent the abuse of power are either non-existent, weak, or overruled by some other provisions.
It has to be noted that the procedural safeguards under Section 197 CrPC are often misused by the police by not allowing the complaints or First Information Reports (FIRs) to be filed in the first place, thus being a major hurdle as an effective remedy for misconduct. For example, in the case of S. Khandwala (I.P.S.) Add. D.G.P. and Ors v. the State of Gujarat (2003) 1 GLR 802, the police officers dragged the case on for decades that the prosecution had become an old man and any justice hence delivered was not proportionate to the mental anguish that he faced all those years.
However, the court has only been able to effectively provide justice in rare cases. Most of the complaints are instead referred to the internal mechanisms that manifest in the form of inquiries and suspensions. The police officer is not punished in any substantive way. These committees are also well known for putting the colleagues of the officers under suspicion which greatly derails the sanctity of the process.
To worsen the matters the courts do not have the authority to substitute their conclusions with the conclusion of the committee while exercising judicial reviews (as ruled in, B.C. Chaturvedi V. Union of India). This is one of the many ways in which the government is protecting the misconduct of police by undermining the procedures as set beforehand. The higher courts are only allowed to interfere in cases where the quantum of punishment is so grossly disproportionate to the crime committed that intervention is warranted.
Initiatives
Soli Sorabjee’s report gave a more structural form of police redressal system which would lead to the efficient redressal of complaints and provide a solution to our problem. The committee suggested the following: –
- It defined the panel which would address the complaints. The program would consist of one retired high court judge, a retired police officer, a person with a minimum of 10 years of experience, a person of standing from civil society, and a retired officer with administrative experience.
- It also recommended that at least one of the members of the panel be a woman.
- It specified that not more than one member should be a retired police officer.
It is however not yet implemented pan India and even where it has been implemented the members of the committee are not chosen transparently. The above-mentioned system is the police complaints authority and it has turned out to be, in its implementation a grand failure. There is also a lack of political will to apply these reforms.
Analysis
The problem is as grave as it seems prima facie. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Following this principle, we must bring substantive changes to the system. From our research into the topic, we have come up with a comprehensive list of solutions that can be applied to the issue in question. These are as follows.
- Firstly, the government needs to centralize its control over the police and bring about a more inclusive police act that unlike its predecessor can provide a more exhaustive redressal system against the police fraternity. The argument that “these provisions make our police officers more fearless” must be scrutinized as the ability to act by one’s duty should not be a bar to effective redressal of citizens’ issues.
- Secondly, the courts should be bestowed with a wider array of powers that allow them to take into consideration the issue of police redressal. The right to constitutional remedy must be made available to all in these situations and the citizens must be protected from discouragement against exercising of their rights.
- Thirdly, these so-called provisions that are available to the citizens must be done away with. The law is meant for the protection and regulation of the citizens, its existence should be a relief and not a form of whimsical hope. The provisions under section 197 of CRPC should be diluted to provide room for better judicial addressing of the issues at hand.
- Fourthly, grave civil suits should be made the liability of the police officer and not the government to discourage the officer from overstepping his official duty. However, this suggestion limits itself only to the “grave” offenses and not petty ones to protect the officer’s ability to discharge his duty to the state. Moreover, the quantum of compensation should be codified so that the parties can be awarded the proper compensation that they deserve.
- Lastly, the cases that pertain to police brutality must be given preference over other cases so that the cases do not turn into decade-long litigation battles that end up in situations of inequitable delivery of justice. This is essential because the quantum received as “compensation” is not equitable to the trauma suffered by the prosecution as a result of years of terror, stress, and alienation from justice.
Conclusion
The whole redressal system of policing needs an immediate fundamental overhaul to protect the interests of the citizens. We agree with the “internal complaints authority” model proposed in the Soli Sorabjee report. However, the committee needs to be implemented strictly across all the states of India. The provisions mentioned under it must be adopted as the black letter marks it and the states must be legally obligated to follow these recommendations.
Section 197 of CRPC must be diluted in its powers and scope should be provided where acts of the police which violate the liberty of the citizens are addressable through more streamlined processes. The dragging on of cases can be countered by the application of these propositions as well. The court should also be given a wider purview when it comes to cases of police overreach and redressals of the same so that the citizens can effectively exercise their right to constitutional remedies.
The use of force and firearms by the police must be adequately controlled by the law. Lethal force may only be employed to avert an immediate threat of death or serious injury, according to the “protect-life” principle, which must be codified in legislation. An immediate, exhaustive, independent, and unbiased investigation must be conducted in cases where the use of force by the police caused harm or death. Those accountable must be tried in open courts of law. Police should be instructed to support peaceful assemblies during protests; using force should not be their first course of action. When it comes to using deadly force, people in jail have the same rights as everyone else.
The problem is a real one and the social trust in police will continue to plummet unless the provisions that are in place are strengthened and implemented outside of mere law books and state orders.
“PRIME LEGAL is a full-service law firm that has won a National Award and has more than 20 years of experience in an array of sectors and practice areas. Prime legal fall into a category of best law firm, best lawyer, best family lawyer, best divorce lawyer, best divorce law firm, best criminal lawyer, best criminal law firm, best consumer lawyer, best civil lawyer.”
ARTICLE WRITTEN BY ABHINAV SHUKLA AND SARTHAK KUMAR.
